If you’re looking for the 15 best water-resistance rowing machines, I’ve found models that combine natural water feel with durability and space-saving design. Many feature adjustable water levels, Bluetooth connectivity, and sturdy construction from premium materials like FSC-certified hardwoods. They support various user weights, offer immersive digital tracking, and include easy foldability for small spaces. To find the perfect fit, consider resistance options, digital features, and build quality—there’s more to discover that can help enhance your workout experience.
Key Takeaways
- Features space-saving foldable designs with durable wood and steel construction for easy storage and long-lasting use.
- Offer adjustable water resistance levels for a realistic, customizable rowing experience that engages up to 90% of muscle groups.
- Include Bluetooth connectivity and digital monitors for seamless workout tracking and compatibility with fitness apps like Zwift and KINOMAP.
- Built with impact-resistant water tanks and reinforced frames supporting high user weights and ensuring durability over time.
- Combine elegant aesthetics with ergonomic features, ensuring smooth, natural motion and comfort during intense, durable workouts.
Water Rowing Machine with Adjustable Monitor & Bluetooth App
If you’re looking for a water rowing machine that combines realistic resistance with smart technology, the Water Rowing Machine with Adjustable Monitor & Bluetooth App is an excellent choice. It features a large water tank with adjustable levels, providing strong, smooth resistance that increases with your speed. Made of durable FSC-certified wood, it supports up to 350 lbs and looks elegant like furniture. The foldable design and wheels make it easy to store. The LED monitor tracks your workout metrics, and Bluetooth connectivity allows you to sync data with the KINOMAP app, making your sessions more engaging and personalized.
Best For: Home users of all skill levels seeking an elegant, durable water rowing machine with smart connectivity and customizable resistance.
Pros:
- Realistic water resistance that increases with speed for an immersive workout experience
- Made of durable FSC-certified wood with an elegant furniture-like appearance
- Bluetooth connectivity with the KINOMAP app for tracking and personalized training
Cons:
- Slightly larger footprint even when folded, which may require ample storage space
- Assembly might take some time despite being mostly pre-assembled
- The monitor operates on batteries and may require replacements over time
YOSUDA Magnetic/Water Rowing Machine for Home
The YOSUDA Magnetic/Water Rowing Machine is an excellent choice for home users who want an authentic rowing experience combined with ease of use and portability. Its double aluminum alloy slide rails produce clear water sounds, enhancing the realism of each stroke. The super soft seat conforms to hip curves for comfort during long workouts. Compact, covering only 4.27 square feet, it’s easy to fit into apartments or small spaces. With two wheels, you can effortlessly move it around. Built with durable materials like an aviation-standard water tank and sealed bearings, this machine offers maintenance-free operation and reliable, full-body workouts. Plus, its Bluetooth connectivity keeps you motivated with tracking and virtual classes.
Best For: Home users seeking an authentic, low-maintenance rowing experience with full-body engagement and convenient portability.
Pros:
- Realistic water sound effects and smooth rowing motion enhance the workout experience
- Compact design with easy mobility thanks to dual wheels, suitable for small spaces
- Durable construction with maintenance-free components ensures long-term reliability
Cons:
- Water-based resistance may require occasional tank refilling or maintenance
- Slightly higher initial cost compared to basic magnetic rowers
- Bluetooth connectivity features depend on compatible devices and app updates
MERACH Water Rowing Machine for Home Workouts
For those seeking a versatile and space-saving rowing machine for home workouts, the MERACH Water Rowing Machine stands out with its innovative 180° folding design. Made from durable wood, it supports up to 400 lbs and features large water resistance for a smooth, natural rowing feel. The machine is easy to move thanks to bottom wheels and takes about 10 minutes to assemble, with most parts pre-installed. It includes an LCD monitor with Bluetooth to track workout metrics like calories, distance, and stroke count. With its sturdy build and adjustable foot straps, it’s perfect for users of all fitness levels looking for an effective, space-efficient workout.
Best For: individuals seeking a space-saving, durable, and natural rowing workout machine suitable for all fitness levels at home.
Pros:
- Foldable 180° design for easy storage and mobility
- Supports up to 400 lbs with a sturdy wooden frame
- Water resistance provides a smooth, realistic rowing experience
Cons:
- Assembly, although quick, may require some effort for first-time users
- The electric water pump and maintenance parts may need periodic replacement
- Limited color options, primarily natural wood finish
Water Rowing Machine for Home Use
A water rowing machine designed for home use stands out thanks to its natural water resistance system, making it ideal for those seeking an immersive, full-body workout in a compact space. The WENOKER Wooden Foldable Rower features a durable FSC-certified ash wood frame, sturdy steel construction, and a 180° foldable design for easy storage. It accommodates users up to 77 inches tall and 350 lbs. The machine operates quietly, with adjustable resistance levels via water volume, engaging most major muscle groups for a balanced workout. Its ergonomic seat, adjustable foot straps, and Bluetooth connectivity make it user-friendly, versatile, and perfect for home fitness needs.
Best For: individuals seeking a quiet, full-body workout at home with customizable resistance and space-saving storage solutions.
Pros:
- Durable FSC-certified ash wood frame combined with sturdy steel construction for long-lasting use
- Adjustable water resistance levels for personalized workout intensity and engaging multiple muscle groups
- Foldable design with wheels allows easy storage and mobility, ideal for compact home spaces
Cons:
- Assembly may require some time and careful following of instructions for optimal setup
- Limited digital features beyond basic metrics, relying on Bluetooth connection for extended tracking
- Water resistance levels are adjusted by water volume, which might require manual refilling for different resistance settings
Magnetic Rowing Machine for Home with Bluetooth and App Support
If you’re looking for a rowing machine that combines realistic water resistance with modern connectivity, this magnetic rowing machine is an excellent choice. It features a 12-blade water resistance system that offers a smooth, authentic rowing feel. The aerospace-grade polycarbonate tank guarantees durability, impact resistance, and transparency, while the sturdy steel frame supports intense workouts without deformation. The ergonomic seat and space-saving vertical storage make it convenient for home use. With Bluetooth and app support, you can track your stats, access instructional videos, and customize your workouts. Quiet operation and easy assembly further enhance its appeal for anyone seeking a durable, connected rowing experience.
Best For: fitness enthusiasts seeking a durable, realistic rowing experience with modern connectivity features for home use.
Pros:
- Authentic water resistance with smooth and realistic rowing feel thanks to the 12-blade design.
- Durable construction with aerospace-grade polycarbonate tank and sturdy steel frame for long-lasting performance.
- Easy to store and transport with space-saving vertical storage, foldable design, and transport wheels.
Cons:
- Assembly may require some time and effort despite being 90% pre-assembled.
- Water resistance system may require maintenance, such as refilling or checking for leaks.
- Bluetooth and app features depend on device compatibility and may need updates for optimal use.
YOSUDA Water Rowing Machine for Home Use
The YOSUDA Water Rowing Machine is an excellent choice for home users seeking an authentic, full-body workout that mimics real water resistance. Its foldable 180° design saves up to 60% space, making it perfect for compact spaces. Crafted from FSC-certified beech wood, it combines eco-friendliness with elegant aesthetics. The large 22L water tank provides dynamic resistance, adjusting with your rowing speed and water level. With Bluetooth app integration, a comfortable seat, and quick assembly, it supports users up to 66 inches tall and 400 lbs. This machine delivers a smooth, immersive rowing experience that engages most muscle groups, suitable for all fitness levels.
Best For: Home fitness enthusiasts seeking an eco-friendly, space-saving water rowing machine with full-body workout capabilities suitable for all fitness levels.
Pros:
- Space-efficient foldable 180° design that saves up to 60% of space
- Authentic water resistance that varies with rowing speed for a realistic experience
- Durable FSC-certified beech wood construction with elegant aesthetic appeal
Cons:
- Assembly may still require some time despite being 98% pre-assembled
- Water resistance mechanism may require maintenance or refilling over time
- Limited to users up to 66 inches tall, which may not suit taller individuals
YOSUDA Water Rowing Machine for Home Use
Looking for a durable, space-saving rowing machine that offers a natural, full-body workout? The YOSUDA Water Rowing Machine is an excellent choice. It features an upgraded ergonomic frame with a 27% height increase for smooth, natural movement. The FSC-certified beech wood frame is not only stylish but also sturdy, supporting users up to 450 lbs and 67 inches tall. Its foldable design makes storage easy, while the patented sealing technology prevents water leaks. With an oversized water tank providing consistent resistance, it engages around 90% of muscle groups per stroke, delivering a holistic workout suitable for all fitness levels.
Best For: individuals seeking a durable, space-efficient rowing machine that provides a natural, full-body workout suitable for all fitness levels.
Pros:
- Upgraded ergonomic frame with natural movement and enhanced power transfer
- Foldable design for easy storage and space-saving convenience
- Supports users up to 67 inches tall and 450 lbs with durable FSC-certified beech wood construction
Cons:
- Assembly may take some time despite being 98% pre-assembled
- Water resistance mechanism may require maintenance to prevent leaks over time
- Limited to fixed resistance, which may not suit users seeking adjustable tension levels
Dripex Water Rowing Machine for Home Use
For those seeking a quiet, immersive workout at home, the Dripex Water Rowing Machine stands out as an excellent choice. Its 14L water tank offers realistic resistance that adjusts across six water levels, providing a customizable experience. Crafted from FSC-certified solid oak wood, it combines durability with aesthetic appeal, supporting users up to 65 inches tall and 400 lbs. The ergonomic seat and smooth PU rollers ensure comfort and quiet operation. Its foldable design with transport wheels makes storage easy, while patented sealing technology prevents leaks without draining after use. Overall, it’s a sturdy, stylish, and efficient addition to any home gym.
Best For: individuals seeking a quiet, full-body, customizable rowing workout at home with stylish and space-saving equipment.
Pros:
- Realistic resistance with adjustable water levels for versatile training.
- Durable, aesthetically pleasing FSC-certified solid oak wood construction.
- Quiet operation and ergonomic design ensure comfort and minimal noise during workouts.
Cons:
- May require assembly and space to store when not in use.
- Limited to users up to 65 inches tall, which might not suit taller individuals.
- The water resistance system, while low maintenance, could be affected by temperature changes impacting performance.
Water Rowing Machine for Home with Touchscreen Display
A water rowing machine with a touchscreen display is an ideal choice for home users seeking a seamless blend of advanced technology and natural resistance. Its third-generation design offers drawer-style foldability, compact storage at just 23 inches, and no installation needed. Crafted from a solid wood frame and aircraft-grade aluminum, it supports up to 350 lbs, ensuring durability and stability. The machine features a multicolor breathing light, transforms into a nightstand when idle, and provides immersive water resistance that adjusts dynamically with your rowing speed. The large 55-inch stroke length, ergonomic footplates, and quiet operation make it perfect for effective, comfortable workouts in any home setting.
Best For: home fitness enthusiasts seeking a durable, space-saving rowing machine with advanced digital features and natural water resistance.
Pros:
- Foldable design with compact storage, ideal for small spaces
- Immersive water resistance combined with magnetic adjustment for a natural rowing feel
- Touchscreen display tracks multiple fitness metrics and supports app integration for engaging workouts
Cons:
- Heavy weight (92.8 lbs) may require assistance for moving or setup
- Price may be higher compared to basic rowing machines due to premium features
- Limited to home use, not suitable for commercial gym environments
JOROTO Folding Water Rowing Machine with Bluetooth Monitor and Tablet Holder
The JOROTO Folding Water Rowing Machine stands out for anyone seeking an immersive, realistic rowing experience combined with space-saving design. Made from durable FSC-certified solid oak, it supports up to 330 lbs and features a foldable 180° design for easy storage. Its water resistance system with adjustable water levels mimics natural rowing, providing smooth, quiet operation. The Bluetooth monitor tracks key workout metrics and syncs with fitness apps, while the tablet holder keeps your device accessible. Easy to assemble and move, this machine combines aesthetic appeal with practical functionality, making it a solid choice for home gyms seeking durability and realistic water-based resistance.
Best For: home fitness enthusiasts seeking a durable, space-saving rowing machine with realistic water resistance and smart workout tracking.
Pros:
- Elegant FSC-certified solid oak wood construction offers durability and aesthetic appeal
- Foldable 180° design allows for compact storage, ideal for small spaces
- Bluetooth monitor and app compatibility provide detailed workout data and interactive training options
Cons:
- Assembly may require some time and effort; mainly attaching the seat for full setup
- Water resistance system may require regular maintenance to prevent leakage and ensure smooth operation
- Slightly higher price point compared to basic rowing machines may be a consideration for budget-conscious buyers
YOSUDA Magnetic/Water Rowing Machine for Home
If you’re seeking a versatile rowing machine that combines quiet operation with smooth resistance, the YOSUDA Magnetic/Water Rowing Machine is an excellent choice. Designed for home use, it features a durable alloy steel frame and a compact design that saves 70% of space when stored upright. The machine offers 16 adjustable tension levels with a 12-lb flywheel and dual magnetic resistance, ensuring a quiet, customizable workout for all fitness levels. Its 3.45-inch LCD monitor tracks essential data, while Bluetooth connectivity enables app integration. Easy to assemble in about 25 minutes, this rower is perfect for families needing a reliable, space-saving, and durable cardio option.
Best For: individuals and families seeking a quiet, space-efficient, and durable rowing machine suitable for all fitness levels at home.
Pros:
- Quiet dual magnetic resistance system ensures smooth and noiseless workouts
- Compact design with 70% space-saving storage and easy mobility thanks to large wheels
- Durable alloy steel frame supports up to 350 lbs and accommodates taller users
Cons:
- Assembly may take around 25 minutes with six main parts to connect
- Limited to a maximum user height of 62 inches, which may not suit taller individuals
- Basic LCD monitor without advanced tracking features or customizable programs
YAMO Water Rowing Machine for Home
For those seeking a durable and customizable home rowing machine, the YAMO Water Rowing Machine stands out with its high-capacity water tank and adjustable resistance levels. Its 16L aviation-grade water tank with sealing technology prevents leaks, even if water levels rise. You can choose from 6 resistance settings, from light warm-ups to intense sprints, thanks to enlarged paddles with stainless steel bearings that mimic real water sounds and increase resistance. Built with a sturdy 2mm thick frame supporting up to 150 kg, it offers stability, durability, and a smooth, quiet glide. The electronic LCD display, Bluetooth, and Kinomap support make workouts engaging and data-driven, perfect for home use.
Best For: Home fitness enthusiasts seeking a durable, customizable rowing machine with realistic water resistance and interactive workout features.
Pros:
- High-capacity 16L aviation-grade water tank prevents leaks and offers authentic water sounds.
- Six adjustable resistance levels allow for versatile workouts from warm-up to intense sprints.
- Supports Bluetooth and Kinomap for real-time monitoring and engaging virtual training sessions.
Cons:
- Assembly may take 20-30 minutes even with 80% pre-assembled parts.
- Max weight capacity of 150 kg may not suit very heavy users.
- Extended slide rail length (47 inches) might not fit smaller spaces or users under 4.1 feet.
Soozier Water Rowing Machine for Home
Designed specifically for home use, the Soozier Water Rowing Machine offers a realistic full-body workout with adjustable water resistance. You can add water up to six times to increase intensity, making it versatile for all fitness levels. With a maximum weight capacity of 264 lbs, it’s suitable for many users. The LCD monitor tracks reps, calories, distance, speed, and time, so you can monitor your progress easily. Its smooth aluminum alloy rail guarantees seamless strokes, while the foldable design and wheels make storage simple. Overall, this machine combines durability, functionality, and space-saving features perfect for a home gym.
Best For: home users seeking a space-efficient, full-body rowing workout with adjustable resistance and durable construction.
Pros:
- Adjustable water resistance allows for personalized workout intensity.
- Foldable design with wheels makes storage and mobility easy.
- LCD monitor tracks key workout metrics for effective progress monitoring.
Cons:
- Assembly required upon delivery, which may be time-consuming for some users.
- Water resistance may require maintenance or refilling over time.
- Limited to indoor use due to size and design features.
MERACH Rowing Machine for Home, Magnetic Resistance, 16 Levels, Max 350lbs
The MERACH Rowing Machine stands out as an excellent choice for home users seeking a quiet, smooth workout experience. Its magnetic resistance system with 16 adjustable levels offers customizable intensity without noise, making it perfect for shared spaces. The dual slide rails mimic traditional wooden rowers, providing stability and preventing tipping. With a max weight capacity of 350 pounds, it accommodates a wide range of users. Compact and lightweight at just under 59 pounds, it’s easy to move and store. The intuitive LCD display tracks essential workout data, and compatibility with apps like MERACH and KINOMAP enhances engagement. Overall, it combines durability, comfort, and technology for a versatile home rowing option.
Best For: individuals seeking a quiet, stable, and customizable rowing machine for home use with a high weight capacity and integrated tech features.
Pros:
- Smooth and quiet magnetic resistance with 16 adjustable levels for personalized workouts
- Dual slide rails mimic traditional wooden rowers, offering enhanced stability and safety
- Compact, lightweight design with built-in wheels for easy storage and mobility
Cons:
- Assembly can take up to 30 minutes and may require some initial effort
- LCD display and app features depend on battery power and device compatibility
- Limited to magnetic resistance; may not provide the same feel as water or air rowers for some users
MERACH Water Rowing Machine for Home Use
If you’re looking for a durable, space-saving rowing machine that fits seamlessly into your home, the MERACH Water Rowing Machine is an excellent choice. Made from premium solid wood, it combines natural elegance with lasting strength, supporting up to 350 lbs and accommodating users up to 6ft8in. Its foldable design allows you to store it upright in seconds, saving space. The 12 blades increase resistance by 45%, providing a smooth, quiet, realistic rowing experience. With a 15L water tank for easy resistance adjustments and an ergonomic handle, it offers a full-body workout activating most muscle groups. Plus, its built-in Bluetooth and LCD display enhance motivation and tracking.
Best For: those seeking a durable, space-efficient rowing machine suitable for home use, accommodating users up to 6ft8in and 350 lbs with realistic resistance and full-body workout capabilities.
Pros:
- Made from premium solid wood for natural elegance and long-lasting strength
- Space-saving foldable design allows easy upright storage within seconds
- Realistic, smooth, and quiet rowing experience with adjustable resistance via a water tank
Cons:
- Assembly may take around 15 minutes for some users
- Requires space for full extension, which might be limited in very small rooms
- Bluetooth features may need compatible devices for interactive tracking
Factors to Consider When Choosing Water‑Resistance Rowing Machines
When choosing a water-resistance rowing machine, I look at how easily I can adjust the resistance to match my workout needs. I also consider whether the machine fits comfortably in my space and if it’s built to last. Additionally, features like connectivity and user comfort play a big role in making the right choice.
Resistance Adjustment Options
Adjusting resistance on water‑resistance rowing machines is straightforward and highly customizable, making it easy to tailor workouts to your fitness level. Most models allow you to modify resistance by changing the water volume in the tank, often using water level markers or adjustable gates—no tools needed. This setup provides a natural feel, as resistance increases proportionally with your rowing speed, giving a scalable workout that responds to your effort. Some machines also include additional features, like magnetic or air resistance, to expand adjustment options further. Being able to fine-tune resistance easily guarantees you can match your workout intensity to your goals, whether you’re warming up, building strength, or cooling down. This flexibility makes water rowers suitable for users of all skill levels.
Space-Saving Design Features
Space-saving design features are key considerations when selecting a water-resistance rowing machine, especially for those with limited room. Foldable models with 180° or 90° mechanisms let you easily store the machine upright or flat, conserving valuable space. Compact designs typically measure under 50 inches in length and width, making them ideal for small rooms or closets. Built-in transport wheels simplify moving the rower from storage to workout area and back. Vertical storage options allow you to keep the machine upright, reducing its footprint during idle times. Additionally, many space-efficient water rowers are designed to fit into corners or under desks, maximizing your available living space. These features ensure you can enjoy effective workouts without sacrificing precious room in your home.
Build Quality and Durability
Choosing a water-resistance rowing machine hinges on its build quality and durability, as these factors directly impact your workout experience and the machine’s longevity. High-quality machines utilize premium materials like FSC-certified wood and aircraft-grade aluminum, ensuring long-term performance. The resistance tank should feature advanced sealing technology to prevent leaks and keep water levels consistent during use. A sturdy frame supporting at least 350 pounds, along with reinforced joints, provides safety and stability during intense workouts. Paddles and water tanks must withstand frequent use without scratching or degrading. Additionally, smooth, reliable water volume adjustments allow for seamless resistance changes. Investing in a well-constructed machine means you’ll enjoy a smooth, durable workout for years, with minimal maintenance or worries about wear and tear.
Connectivity and Tech Features
A water-resistance rowing machine’s build quality guarantees it lasts through intense workouts, but integrating modern technology can elevate your fitness experience even further. Connectivity features like Bluetooth make it easy to sync workout data with fitness apps, helping you track progress and analyze metrics in real-time. Many smart models support app integrations such as Kinomap or Zwift, offering immersive virtual environments that boost motivation. Digital monitors with touchscreen displays can store workout history, show multiple metrics at once, and sometimes include interactive coaching or virtual routes. Compatibility with mobile devices enhances motivation through live classes, virtual competitions, and personalized plans. Advanced features like app-controlled resistance, Bluetooth heart rate monitors, and remote workout customization make these machines adaptable and engaging, pushing your training to new levels.
User Comfort and Ergonomics
When selecting a water-resistance rowing machine, prioritizing user comfort and ergonomics is essential for a safe and effective workout. Ergonomic features like adjustable seats and foot straps help maintain proper posture and reduce strain. Padded, contoured seats with breathable materials make extended sessions more comfortable. Properly positioned handlebars and footplates support natural movement, lowering injury and fatigue risks. Machines with customizable resistance levels let you adjust intensity without sacrificing comfort or form. Shock-absorbing components and noise reduction features contribute to a smooth, quiet rowing experience, enhancing overall comfort. Focusing on these ergonomic aspects ensures that your workouts are not only effective but also enjoyable, encouraging consistency and helping you avoid discomfort or injury over time.
Price and Warranty Coverage
Considering your budget and long-term plans is essential when selecting a water-resistance rowing machine, as price can vary considerably based on features and build quality. It’s important to find a model that fits your financial situation while still providing the features you need. Check the warranty coverage carefully—aim for at least 1-2 years to protect against defects and repairs. Review what parts are covered, such as the water tank, resistance mechanism, and electronics. Higher-priced models often offer longer warranties and better durability, delivering more value over time. Also, ensure the warranty includes customer support and service options, so any issues can be addressed quickly, minimizing downtime and keeping your workout consistent.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Does Water Resistance Compare to Magnetic Resistance in Durability?
Water resistance is generally more durable than magnetic resistance because it relies on a natural fluid dynamic that withstands continuous use. Magnetic systems use magnets and can wear out or become less effective over time due to mechanical parts or electronic components. I find that water resistance machines tend to be more reliable long-term, providing consistent resistance without needing replacements, making them a great investment for durability.
What Maintenance Is Required for Water Rowing Machines?
I recommend checking the water level regularly and topping it off as needed to keep the resistance consistent. I also suggest cleaning the tank and the exterior to prevent dust and algae buildup. Additionally, periodically inspecting the oars and seals guarantees everything stays smooth and leak-free. Avoid harsh chemicals, and make sure to follow the manufacturer’s maintenance instructions to extend your rowing machine’s lifespan.
Are Water Rowing Machines Suitable for All Fitness Levels?
Absolutely, water rowing machines suit all fitness levels. I’ve seen beginners glide smoothly and seasoned athletes push their limits. The beauty is that the water resistance adapts naturally to your effort, making it gentle for newcomers yet challenging for advanced users. So, whether you’re just starting or aiming for intense training, a water rower offers a versatile, effective workout, accommodating your progress and keeping you motivated.
How Noisy Are Water Resistance Rowing Machines During Use?
Water resistance rowing machines are generally quieter than air or magnetic models, but they do produce some noise due to the water splashing and the movement of the flywheel. I find them peaceful enough for home use, and the soothing sound of water actually enhances my workout experience. If you’re sensitive to noise, these machines are a good option, but keep in mind they aren’t entirely silent.
Can Water Rowing Machines Be Stored Easily When Not in Use?
Absolutely, water rowing machines are quite the space-savers when you need them to be. I find they store easily, often standing upright or tucked away in a corner without much fuss. Their compact design means you can slide them into closets or lean them against a wall. It’s great because they don’t take up much space, making it simple to keep your workout area tidy and ready whenever you are.
Conclusion
If you’re ready to conquer your fitness quest, these water-resistance rowing machines are your best allies. They’re durable, smooth, and packed with features that make workouts enjoyable—no need to channel your inner gladiator just yet! Whether you prefer Bluetooth connectivity or adjustable resistance, there’s a perfect fit for you. So, plunge into your fitness journey with confidence, and remember—this isn’t your grandmother’s rowing machine; it’s a modern marvel for today’s athletes.
